diff --git a/examples/multiple-meshes.py b/examples/multiple-meshes.py
index d56b2a6b42bb8ea4a3b423d999d1ab920babf34d..a386689140f08aee5f1dbc6f8098e835ab7f9ad7 100644
--- a/examples/multiple-meshes.py
+++ b/examples/multiple-meshes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division
-
 import numpy as np  # noqa
 import sys
 
diff --git a/examples/plot-connectivity.py b/examples/plot-connectivity.py
index 48e6be76b7033c4a3f04f55c6958c7efd856f0e0..0faaa9b3319aca1345da4b507b4eb31ab6ef78b4 100644
--- a/examples/plot-connectivity.py
+++ b/examples/plot-connectivity.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division
-
 import numpy as np  # noqa
 import pyopencl as cl
 from meshmode.array_context import PyOpenCLArrayContext
diff --git a/examples/simple-dg.py b/examples/simple-dg.py
index b945687758f172194d859560bc1723064d56971b..6c198d2d8256069f2b2165ce17cbd2afa9a8b29e 100644
--- a/examples/simple-dg.py
+++ b/examples/simple-dg.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2020 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
diff --git a/experiments/refinement-playground.py b/experiments/refinement-playground.py
index a29c0db8f687440f3493015cb256d30926f6b4d8..9d43e71887c9aa8592405055cb0ceb381fb932f9 100644
--- a/experiments/refinement-playground.py
+++ b/experiments/refinement-playground.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import division, print_function
 
-from six.moves import range
 import numpy as np  # noqa
 import pyopencl as cl
 import random
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def get_corner_flags(mesh):
 def get_random_flags(mesh):
     flags = np.zeros(len(mesh.groups[0].vertex_indices))
     for i in range(0, len(flags)):
-            flags[i] = random.randint(0, 1)
+        flags[i] = random.randint(0, 1)
     return flags
 
 
diff --git a/meshmode/__init__.py b/meshmode/__init__.py
index 9512b4a25aec6e3450e0a0bd2fc7ecc72452ca41..1e74a4be7e364bd0839066fdc398f48f7e2658e4 100644
--- a/meshmode/__init__.py
+++ b/meshmode/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -29,8 +27,6 @@ __doc__ = """
 .. exception:: FileExistsError
 """
 
-import six
-
 
 class Error(RuntimeError):
     pass
@@ -40,8 +36,4 @@ class DataUnavailable(Error):
     pass
 
 
-if six.PY3:
-    from builtins import FileExistsError
-else:
-    class FileExistsError(OSError):
-        pass
+from builtins import FileExistsError  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/meshmode/array_context.py b/meshmode/array_context.py
index 0b1bd239c3a8837e063260785913e641073f5a75..43659c34af174a9355fb25ced296d5f3826c3c5f 100644
--- a/meshmode/array_context.py
+++ b/meshmode/array_context.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2020 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -361,7 +359,7 @@ def pytest_generate_tests_for_pyopencl_array_context(metafunc):
 
     class ArrayContextFactory(_ContextFactory):
         def __call__(self):
-            ctx = super(ArrayContextFactory, self).__call__()
+            ctx = super().__call__()
             return PyOpenCLArrayContext(cl.CommandQueue(ctx))
 
         def __str__(self):
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/__init__.py b/meshmode/discretization/__init__.py
index 7694eb9ece7545c14cbbc36b76b7d72d576400ba..d1ec5a6b50401252e36ceefa245e3e2c0108fb24 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/__init__.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/__init__.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class NoninterpolatoryElementGroupError(TypeError):
     pass
 
 
-class ElementGroupBase(object):
+class ElementGroupBase:
     """Container for the :class:`Discretization` data corresponding to
     one :class:`meshmode.mesh.MeshElementGroup`.
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class InterpolatoryElementGroupBase(ElementGroupBase):
 # }}}
 
 
-class Discretization(object):
+class Discretization:
     """An unstructured composite discretization.
 
     .. attribute:: real_dtype
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/__init__.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/__init__.py
index 4589deb1ecedb723ae7b75892fd5987a2ba9517d..c02097e73294e3ca29cda5697d4b59b02cc14440 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/__init__.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = """
 Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner
 Copyright (C) 2018 Alexandru Fikl
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/chained.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/chained.py
index c9927a8a5aec2444c5fe4ea6eb27e7c4014f8b52..54bbd98ed1451f81524e812abebbbca720a40656 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/chained.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/chained.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = """Copyright (C) 2018 Alexandru Fikl"""
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ class ChainedDiscretizationConnection(DiscretizationConnection):
             # It's an identity
             is_surjective = True
 
-        super(ChainedDiscretizationConnection, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
                 from_discr, to_discr, is_surjective=is_surjective)
 
         self.connections = connections
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/direct.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/direct.py
index 6ee46d99bd72248a4da9409119a57329352f8e5e..55820fe03c3efc4d97efb690fb0faeda3b66fc23 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/direct.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/direct.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range, zip
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ from meshmode.array_context import ArrayContext, make_loopy_program
 
 # {{{ interpolation batch
 
-class InterpolationBatch(object):
+class InterpolationBatch:
     """One interpolation batch captures how a batch of elements *within* an
     element group should be an interpolated. Note that while it's possible that
     an interpolation batch takes care of interpolating an entire element group
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ class InterpolationBatch(object):
 
 # {{{ connection element group
 
-class DiscretizationConnectionElementGroup(object):
+class DiscretizationConnectionElementGroup:
     """
     .. attribute:: batches
 
@@ -111,7 +108,7 @@ class DiscretizationConnectionElementGroup(object):
 
 # {{{ connection classes
 
-class DiscretizationConnection(object):
+class DiscretizationConnection:
     """Abstract interface for transporting a DOF vector from one
     :class:`meshmode.discretization.Discretization` to another.
     Possible applications include:
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ class DirectDiscretizationConnection(DiscretizationConnection):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, from_discr, to_discr, groups, is_surjective):
-        super(DirectDiscretizationConnection, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
                 from_discr, to_discr, is_surjective)
 
         self.groups = groups
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/face.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/face.py
index bac1ccc9e59ff82716fbd4e87213db1d48798e2d..9eddc07c77ef74c83d88c5c7d6daf74c0a596a7a 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/face.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/face.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,9 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-import six
-from six.moves import range, zip
-
 from pytools import Record
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ def make_face_restriction(actx, discr, group_factory, boundary_tag,
         group_boundary_faces = []
 
         if boundary_tag is FACE_RESTR_INTERIOR:
-            for fagrp in six.itervalues(fagrp_map):
+            for fagrp in fagrp_map.values():
                 if fagrp.ineighbor_group is None:
                     # boundary faces -> not looking for those
                     continue
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/opposite_face.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/opposite_face.py
index a957b03dcc95a3d0329a4a7916251783523e5de0..9bd13a1ec30f530d3f974c552247b852c2e24984 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/opposite_face.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/opposite_face.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.linalg as la
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/projection.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/projection.py
index 6d656e347c350044d78e9ffe37c7c3d1698c7757..fd3d96e519b7b5adad91399ddc6c24e0efd6375e 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/projection.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/projection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = """Copyright (C) 2018 Alexandru Fikl"""
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ class L2ProjectionInverseDiscretizationConnection(DiscretizationConnection):
             raise RuntimeError("`to_discr` must have an orthogonal basis")
 
         self.conn = conn
-        super(L2ProjectionInverseDiscretizationConnection, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
                 from_discr=self.conn.to_discr,
                 to_discr=self.conn.from_discr,
                 is_surjective=is_surjective)
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/refinement.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/refinement.py
index bed288186408677ff7df006e270e66a6ae2fdb74..1124e5ad9b4e8b78d4d9d6c61ba7d9c72cc0a381 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/refinement.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/refinement.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2016 Matt Wala"
 
 __license__ = """
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/connection/same_mesh.py b/meshmode/discretization/connection/same_mesh.py
index 355d534944e905974ca61ec210f64bb48e91bfcd..93f7933540ef6022bff4945d1349785ee40d38e3 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/connection/same_mesh.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/connection/same_mesh.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/poly_element.py b/meshmode/discretization/poly_element.py
index 39c3043b43a1b136e589e1ea82ec3ebc589c2906..3651a6707212aeb908977cd783f62b278502094b 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/poly_element.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/poly_element.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2013 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -365,7 +363,7 @@ class EquidistantTensorProductElementGroup(
 
 # {{{ group factories
 
-class ElementGroupFactory(object):
+class ElementGroupFactory:
     """
     .. function:: __call__(mesh_ele_group, node_nr_base)
     """
diff --git a/meshmode/discretization/visualization.py b/meshmode/discretization/visualization.py
index 0962068b1bddcfca6eff1decb222cdb549971c2c..8eac29f283ec6b5b8e007d0ad4663b7631d76f81 100644
--- a/meshmode/discretization/visualization.py
+++ b/meshmode/discretization/visualization.py
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ class VTKConnectivity:
 
         elif isinstance(grp.mesh_el_group, TensorProductElementGroup):
             node_tuples = list(gnitb(grp.order+1, grp.dim))
-            node_tuple_to_index = dict(
-                    (nt, i) for i, nt in enumerate(node_tuples))
+            node_tuple_to_index = {
+                    nt: i for i, nt in enumerate(node_tuples)}
 
             def add_tuple(a, b):
                 return tuple(ai+bi for ai, bi in zip(a, b))
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ class VTKLagrangeConnectivity(VTKConnectivity):
 
 # {{{ visualizer
 
-class Visualizer(object):
+class Visualizer:
     """
     .. automethod:: show_scalar_in_mayavi
     .. automethod:: show_scalar_in_matplotlib_3d
diff --git a/meshmode/distributed.py b/meshmode/distributed.py
index bcda88f9d8d021649925bc7572d5cb9e956f11fd..aaa8b1ccecd079eefb1b447174951d732b8a52b4 100644
--- a/meshmode/distributed.py
+++ b/meshmode/distributed.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = """
 Copyright (C) 2017 Ellis Hoag
 Copyright (C) 2017 Andreas Kloeckner
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ __doc__ = """
 
 # {{{ mesh distributor
 
-class MPIMeshDistributor(object):
+class MPIMeshDistributor:
     """
     .. automethod:: is_mananger_rank
     .. automethod:: send_mesh_parts
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ def make_remote_group_infos(actx, bdry_conn):
             for igrp in range(len(bdry_conn.from_discr.groups))]
 
 
-class MPIBoundaryCommSetupHelper(object):
+class MPIBoundaryCommSetupHelper:
     """
     .. automethod:: __call__
     .. automethod:: is_setup_ready
diff --git a/meshmode/interop/firedrake/connection.py b/meshmode/interop/firedrake/connection.py
index 991b3f2930778fe5956dc08f240690d0fd2bcef5..6786bd16276b294a40b7b3a1091599ac985a27e8 100644
--- a/meshmode/interop/firedrake/connection.py
+++ b/meshmode/interop/firedrake/connection.py
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ class FiredrakeConnection:
                 raise ValueError(f"'{field_name}.shape' must be {shape}, not "
                                  f"'{field.shape}'")
             for multi_index, arr in np.ndenumerate(field):
-                arr_name = "%s[%s]" % (field_name, multi_index)
+                arr_name = f"{field_name}[{multi_index}]"
                 try:
                     check_dof_array(arr, arr_name)
                 except TypeError as type_err:
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/__init__.py b/meshmode/mesh/__init__.py
index dc087f1b8ce898518d73e44fdc644daa3aacad72..494d03c2557e9ca3ed77ef36dca17a860f289e50 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/__init__.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2010,2012,2013 Andreas Kloeckner, Michael Tom"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,9 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range
-import six
-
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.linalg as la
 
@@ -61,12 +56,12 @@ Predefined Boundary tags
 
 # {{{ element tags
 
-class BTAG_NONE(object):  # noqa: N801
+class BTAG_NONE:  # noqa: N801
     """A boundary tag representing an empty boundary or volume."""
     pass
 
 
-class BTAG_ALL(object):  # noqa: N801
+class BTAG_ALL:  # noqa: N801
     """A boundary tag representing the entire boundary or volume.
 
     In the case of the boundary, :class:`BTAG_ALL` does not include rank boundaries,
@@ -80,7 +75,7 @@ class BTAG_ALL(object):  # noqa: N801
     pass
 
 
-class BTAG_REALLY_ALL(object):  # noqa: N801
+class BTAG_REALLY_ALL:  # noqa: N801
     """A boundary tag representing the entire boundary.
 
     Unlike :class:`BTAG_ALL`, this includes rank boundaries,
@@ -94,7 +89,7 @@ class BTAG_REALLY_ALL(object):  # noqa: N801
     pass
 
 
-class BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY(object):  # noqa: N801
+class BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY:  # noqa: N801
     """A boundary tag indicating that this edge should not fall under
     :class:`BTAG_ALL`. Among other things, this is used to keep rank boundaries
     out of :class:`BTAG_ALL`.
@@ -102,7 +97,7 @@ class BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY(object):  # noqa: N801
     pass
 
 
-class BTAG_PARTITION(object):  # noqa: N801
+class BTAG_PARTITION:  # noqa: N801
     """
     A boundary tag indicating that this edge is adjacent to an element of
     another :class:`Mesh`. The partition number of the adjacent mesh
@@ -128,7 +123,7 @@ class BTAG_PARTITION(object):  # noqa: N801
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s(%s)>" % (type(self).__name__, repr(self.part_nr))
+        return "<{}({})>".format(type(self).__name__, repr(self.part_nr))
 
 
 class BTAG_INDUCED_BOUNDARY(BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY):  # noqa: N801
@@ -145,8 +140,8 @@ class BTAG_INDUCED_BOUNDARY(BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY):  # noqa: N801
     pass
 
 
-SYSTEM_TAGS = set([BTAG_NONE, BTAG_ALL, BTAG_REALLY_ALL, BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY,
-                   BTAG_PARTITION, BTAG_INDUCED_BOUNDARY])
+SYSTEM_TAGS = {BTAG_NONE, BTAG_ALL, BTAG_REALLY_ALL, BTAG_NO_BOUNDARY,
+                   BTAG_PARTITION, BTAG_INDUCED_BOUNDARY}
 
 # }}}
 
@@ -343,7 +338,7 @@ class SimplexElementGroup(MeshElementGroup):
                         "element. expected: %d, got: %d" % (dims+1,
                             vertex_indices.shape[-1]))
 
-        super(SimplexElementGroup, self).__init__(order, vertex_indices, nodes,
+        super().__init__(order, vertex_indices, nodes,
                 element_nr_base, node_nr_base, unit_nodes, dim)
 
     @property
@@ -413,7 +408,7 @@ class TensorProductElementGroup(MeshElementGroup):
                         "element. expected: %d, got: %d" % (2**dims,
                             vertex_indices.shape[-1]))
 
-        super(TensorProductElementGroup, self).__init__(order, vertex_indices, nodes,
+        super().__init__(order, vertex_indices, nodes,
                 element_nr_base, node_nr_base, unit_nodes)
 
     def face_vertex_indices(self):
@@ -783,8 +778,8 @@ class Mesh(Record):
             raise ValueError("too few bits in element_id_dtype to represent all "
                     "boundary tags")
 
-        btag_to_index = dict(
-                (btag, i) for i, btag in enumerate(boundary_tags))
+        btag_to_index = {
+                btag: i for i, btag in enumerate(boundary_tags)}
 
         # }}}
 
@@ -838,7 +833,7 @@ class Mesh(Record):
             if facial_adjacency_groups:
                 assert len(facial_adjacency_groups) == len(self.groups)
                 for fagrp_map in facial_adjacency_groups:
-                    for fagrp in six.itervalues(fagrp_map):
+                    for fagrp in fagrp_map.values():
                         nfagrp_elements, = fagrp.elements.shape
 
                         assert fagrp.element_faces.dtype == self.face_id_dtype
@@ -1121,7 +1116,7 @@ def _compute_facial_adjacency_from_vertices(groups, boundary_tags,
 
     # maps tuples (igrp, ineighbor_group) to number of elements
     group_count = {}
-    for face_tuples in six.itervalues(face_map):
+    for face_tuples in face_map.values():
         if len(face_tuples) == 2:
             (igrp, _, _), (inb_grp, _, _) = face_tuples
             group_count[igrp, inb_grp] = group_count.get((igrp, inb_grp), 0) + 1
@@ -1197,7 +1192,7 @@ def _compute_facial_adjacency_from_vertices(groups, boundary_tags,
 
     # maps tuples (igrp, ineighbor_group) to number of elements filled in group
     fill_count = {}
-    for face_tuples in six.itervalues(face_map):
+    for face_tuples in face_map.values():
         if len(face_tuples) == 2:
             for (igroup, iel, iface), (ineighbor_group, inb_el, inb_face) in [
                     (face_tuples[0], face_tuples[1]),
@@ -1244,7 +1239,7 @@ def _compute_facial_adjacency_from_vertices(groups, boundary_tags,
 # {{{ as_python
 
 def _numpy_array_as_python(array):
-    return "np.array(%s, dtype=np.%s)" % (
+    return "np.array({}, dtype=np.{})".format(
             repr(array.tolist()),
             array.dtype.name)
 
@@ -1274,7 +1269,7 @@ def as_python(mesh, function_name="make_mesh"):
         cg("")
         for group in mesh.groups:
             cg("import %s" % type(group).__module__)
-            cg("groups.append(%s.%s(" % (
+            cg("groups.append({}.{}(".format(
                 type(group).__module__,
                 type(group).__name__))
             cg("    order=%s," % group.order)
@@ -1296,16 +1291,16 @@ def as_python(mesh, function_name="make_mesh"):
                     "neighbors": _numpy_array_as_python(fagrp.neighbors),
                     "neighbor_faces": _numpy_array_as_python(fagrp.neighbor_faces),
                     }
-            return ",\n    ".join("%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in six.iteritems(params))
+            return ",\n    ".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in params.items())
 
         if mesh._facial_adjacency_groups:
             cg("facial_adjacency_groups = []")
 
             for igrp, fagrp_map in enumerate(mesh.facial_adjacency_groups):
                 cg("facial_adjacency_groups.append({%s})" % ",\n    ".join(
-                    "%r: FacialAdjacencyGroup(%s)" % (
+                    "{!r}: FacialAdjacencyGroup({})".format(
                         inb_grp, fagrp_params_str(fagrp))
-                    for inb_grp, fagrp in six.iteritems(fagrp_map)))
+                    for inb_grp, fagrp in fagrp_map.items()))
 
         else:
             cg("facial_adjacency_groups = %r" % mesh._facial_adjacency_groups)
@@ -1330,7 +1325,7 @@ def as_python(mesh, function_name="make_mesh"):
         cg("    element_id_dtype=np.%s," % mesh.element_id_dtype.name)
 
         if isinstance(mesh._nodal_adjacency, NodalAdjacency):
-            el_con_str = "(%s, %s)" % (
+            el_con_str = "({}, {})".format(
                     _numpy_array_as_python(
                         mesh._nodal_adjacency.neighbors_starts),
                     _numpy_array_as_python(
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/generation.py b/meshmode/mesh/generation.py
index 8ee34cc2bd2e439ec17cc2e3363c784b9f070f4a..63986df666adeb4ac2ff1d378f32a1e9f510b8d7 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/generation.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/generation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2013 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.linalg as la
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ def apple(a, t):
         ])
 
 
-class WobblyCircle(object):
+class WobblyCircle:
     """
     .. automethod:: random
     .. automethod:: __call__
@@ -224,7 +221,7 @@ class NArmedStarfish(WobblyCircle):
     def __init__(self, n_arms, amplitude):
         coeffs = np.zeros(n_arms)
         coeffs[-1] = amplitude
-        super(NArmedStarfish, self).__init__(coeffs)
+        super().__init__(coeffs)
 
 
 starfish = NArmedStarfish(5, 0.25)
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/io.py b/meshmode/mesh/io.py
index bfda552ed6bee47811ae3a73d058384c0b5182e5..d689ee5749892dba9cf6541aaf641da1388667bd 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/io.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/io.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,8 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-import six
-from six.moves import range, zip
 import numpy as np
 
 from gmsh_interop.reader import (  # noqa
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ class GmshMeshReceiver(GmshMeshReceiverBase):
         ambient_dim = self.points.shape[-1]
 
         mesh_bulk_dim = max(
-                el_type.dimensions for el_type in six.iterkeys(el_type_hist))
+                el_type.dimensions for el_type in el_type_hist.keys())
 
         # {{{ build vertex numbering
 
@@ -161,7 +157,7 @@ class GmshMeshReceiver(GmshMeshReceiverBase):
         # {{{ build vertex array
 
         gmsh_vertex_indices, my_vertex_indices = \
-                list(zip(*six.iteritems(vertex_gmsh_index_to_mine)))
+                list(zip(*vertex_gmsh_index_to_mine.items()))
         vertices = np.empty(
                 (ambient_dim, len(vertex_gmsh_index_to_mine)), dtype=np.float64)
         vertices[:, np.array(my_vertex_indices, np.intp)] = \
@@ -174,7 +170,7 @@ class GmshMeshReceiver(GmshMeshReceiverBase):
 
         bulk_el_types = set()
 
-        for group_el_type, ngroup_elements in six.iteritems(el_type_hist):
+        for group_el_type, ngroup_elements in el_type_hist.items():
             if group_el_type.dimensions != mesh_bulk_dim:
                 continue
 
@@ -217,9 +213,9 @@ class GmshMeshReceiver(GmshMeshReceiverBase):
 
             elif isinstance(group_el_type, GmshTensorProductElementBase):
                 gmsh_vertex_tuples = type(group_el_type)(order=1).gmsh_node_tuples()
-                gmsh_vertex_tuples_loc_dict = dict(
-                        (gvt, i)
-                        for i, gvt in enumerate(gmsh_vertex_tuples))
+                gmsh_vertex_tuples_loc_dict = {
+                        gvt: i
+                        for i, gvt in enumerate(gmsh_vertex_tuples)}
 
                 from pytools import (
                         generate_nonnegative_integer_tuples_below as gnitb)
@@ -453,10 +449,10 @@ def to_json(mesh):
         # not yet implemented
         "facial_adjacency_groups": None,
         "boundary_tags": [btag_to_json(btag) for btag in mesh.boundary_tags],
-        "btag_to_index": dict(
-            (btag_to_json(btag), value)
+        "btag_to_index": {
+            btag_to_json(btag): value
 
-            for btag, value in six.iteritems(mesh.btag_to_index)),
+            for btag, value in mesh.btag_to_index.items()},
         "is_conforming": mesh.is_conforming,
         }
 
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/processing.py b/meshmode/mesh/processing.py
index 0b2d29380e96e2eda89687aea0b1c97bd8986c50..10c0a62ddcb282bff0b9a6b8b34ac5f340692d43 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/processing.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/processing.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range
 from functools import reduce
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/__init__.py b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/__init__.py
index 5c2a56e22c94669e91026d2e2335056c01b4f01b..be101b4871b39b9af2d688c32083cd4143e071c3 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/__init__.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014-6 Shivam Gupta"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 
 import numpy as np
 import itertools
-from six.moves import range
 from pytools import RecordWithoutPickling
 from meshmode.mesh.refinement.no_adjacency import (  # noqa: F401
         RefinerWithoutAdjacency)
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ __doc__ = """
 """
 
 
-class TreeRayNode(object):
+class TreeRayNode:
     """Describes a ray as a tree, this class represents each node in this tree
     .. attribute:: left
         Left child.
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ class _GroupRefinementRecord(RecordWithoutPickling):
             tesselation=tesselation, element_mapping=element_mapping)
 
 
-class Refiner(object):
+class Refiner:
     """An older that mostly succeeds at preserving adjacency across
     non-conformal refinement.
 
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/no_adjacency.py b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/no_adjacency.py
index b746eba250c569d80f0d12897b5a1c38bc72a727..adf1fc2f91d1146e5eb02f24702a871317cb1486 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/no_adjacency.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/no_adjacency.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = """
 Copyright (C) 2018 Andreas Kloeckner
 Copyright (C) 2014-6 Shivam Gupta
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 
 
 import numpy as np
-from six.moves import range  # noqa: F401
 from pytools import RecordWithoutPickling
 
 from pytools import memoize_method
@@ -58,7 +55,7 @@ class _GroupRefinementRecord(RecordWithoutPickling):
             tesselation=tesselation, element_mapping=element_mapping)
 
 
-class RefinerWithoutAdjacency(object):
+class RefinerWithoutAdjacency:
     """A refiner that may be applied to non-conforming
     :class:`meshmode.mesh.Mesh` instances. It does not generate adjacency
     information, and it is typically faster than
@@ -97,9 +94,9 @@ class RefinerWithoutAdjacency(object):
             orig_vertex_tuples = [(0,) * dim] + [
                     (0,) * i + (2,) + (0,) * (dim-i-1)
                     for i in range(dim)]
-            node_dict = dict(
-                  (ituple, idx)
-                  for idx, ituple in enumerate(ref_vertices))
+            node_dict = {
+                  ituple: idx
+                  for idx, ituple in enumerate(ref_vertices)}
             orig_vertex_indices = [node_dict[vt] for vt in orig_vertex_tuples]
 
             from meshmode.mesh.refinement.resampler import SimplexResampler
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/resampler.py b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/resampler.py
index 4631c9caa7220ee7a742670d10b0a7a5998003bd..fd6ae9396f46e6c2e7db4bff6625e6a0f1784ae3 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/resampler.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/resampler.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2016 Matt Wala"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # {{{ resampling simplex points for refinement
 
 # NOTE: Class internal to refiner: do not make documentation public.
-class SimplexResampler(object):
+class SimplexResampler:
     """
     Resampling of points on simplex elements for refinement.
 
@@ -128,10 +126,10 @@ class SimplexResampler(object):
         ambient_dim = len(group.nodes)
         nunit_nodes = len(group.unit_nodes[0])
 
-        return dict((elem,
+        return {elem:
             resamp_unit_nodes[ielem].reshape(
-                 (ambient_dim, -1, nunit_nodes)))
-            for ielem, elem in enumerate(elements))
+                 (ambient_dim, -1, nunit_nodes))
+            for ielem, elem in enumerate(elements)}
 
 # }}}
 
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/tesselate.py b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/tesselate.py
index ed80248cdbfffa34004c8bc218f0aa47f984f02d..211a87f083c52b0d893f3f14da38092dcd9cbc7e 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/tesselate.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/tesselate.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = """
 Copyright (C) 2018 Andreas Kloeckner
 Copyright (C) 2014-6 Shivam Gupta
@@ -54,9 +52,9 @@ def tesselatetri():
     result = []
 
     node_tuples = list(gnitstam(2, 2))
-    node_dict = dict(
-          (ituple, idx)
-          for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples))
+    node_dict = {
+          ituple: idx
+          for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples)}
 
     def try_add_tri(current, d1, d2, d3):
         try:
@@ -83,9 +81,9 @@ def tesselatetri():
 def tesselatetet():
     node_tuples = list(gnitstam(2, 3))
 
-    node_dict = dict(
-          (ituple, idx)
-          for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples))
+    node_dict = {
+          ituple: idx
+          for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples)}
 
     def try_add_tet(current, d1, d2, d3, d4):
         try:
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/utils.py b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/utils.py
index 2811d3ac155595751c742198ccccaad6cc9fcb60..be64eb07c8873edeecf011b988994b6a40bae116 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/refinement/utils.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/refinement/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014-6 Shivam Gupta, Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/tools.py b/meshmode/mesh/tools.py
index dd16d5b2b9914444cbd8287ffde632428b8e2af3..517ea92487b87fe6be93f8468d3f8185fc2d533c 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/tools.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/tools.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2010,2012,2013 Andreas Kloeckner, Michael Tom"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.linalg as la
 from pytools.spatial_btree import SpatialBinaryTreeBucket
-from six.moves import range
 
 
 # {{{ make_element_lookup_tree
@@ -71,9 +68,9 @@ def nd_quad_submesh(node_tuples):
     from pytools import single_valued, add_tuples
     dims = single_valued(len(nt) for nt in node_tuples)
 
-    node_dict = dict(
-            (ituple, idx)
-            for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples))
+    node_dict = {
+            ituple: idx
+            for idx, ituple in enumerate(node_tuples)}
 
     from pytools import generate_nonnegative_integer_tuples_below as gnitb
 
@@ -145,7 +142,7 @@ def rand_rotation_matrix(ambient_dim, deflection=1.0, randnums=None):
 
 # {{{ AffineMap
 
-class AffineMap(object):
+class AffineMap:
     """An affine map ``A@x+b``represented by a matrix *A* and an offset vector *b*.
 
     .. attribute:: matrix
diff --git a/meshmode/mesh/visualization.py b/meshmode/mesh/visualization.py
index 26588b1cfe8b022dac6869d3d3e7efd9ee9b892a..799aba36d4b9699ec23b3026e9bc0cfa9316684c 100644
--- a/meshmode/mesh/visualization.py
+++ b/meshmode/mesh/visualization.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
 import numpy as np
-from six.moves import range
 
 __doc__ = """
 .. autofunction:: draw_2d_mesh
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 022737fa0b5d5b3e3996098918e927b868aa176e..d7ebe7a788c19a89ed3298215692d12ccc5969f9 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ def main():
               "numpy",
               "modepy",
               "gmsh_interop",
-              "six",
               "pytools>=2020.3",
               "pytest>=2.3",
               "loo.py>=2014.1",
diff --git a/test/test_chained.py b/test/test_chained.py
index 01a60788d29fb9359b69a7c2c63e8c9637d01490..773a55670698087e51c899426a7c404f2c4e9fb9 100644
--- a/test/test_chained.py
+++ b/test/test_chained.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2018 Alexandru Fikl"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ def create_discretization(actx, ndim,
         elif mesh_name == "starfish":
             mesh = make_curve_mesh(starfish, t, order=order)
         else:
-            raise ValueError("unknown mesh name: {}".format(mesh_name))
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown mesh name: {mesh_name}")
     elif ndim == 3:
         from meshmode.mesh.generation import generate_torus
         from meshmode.mesh.generation import generate_warped_rect_mesh
@@ -67,9 +65,9 @@ def create_discretization(actx, ndim,
         elif mesh_name == "warp":
             mesh = generate_warped_rect_mesh(ndim, order=order, n=nelements)
         else:
-            raise ValueError("unknown mesh name: {}".format(mesh_name))
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown mesh name: {mesh_name}")
     else:
-        raise ValueError("unsupported dimension: {}".format(ndim))
+        raise ValueError(f"unsupported dimension: {ndim}")
 
     # create discretization
     from meshmode.discretization import Discretization
@@ -236,7 +234,7 @@ def test_chained_full_resample_matrix(actx_factory, ndim, visualize=False):
     chained = ChainedDiscretizationConnection(connections)
 
     def f(x):
-        from six.moves import reduce
+        from functools import reduce
         return 0.1 * reduce(lambda x, y: x * actx.np.sin(5 * y), x)
 
     resample_mat = actx.to_numpy(make_full_resample_matrix(actx, chained))
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ def test_chained_to_direct(actx_factory, ndim, chain_type,
         assert np.min(to_element_indices) > 0
 
     def f(x):
-        from six.moves import reduce
+        from functools import reduce
         return 0.1 * reduce(lambda x, y: x * actx.np.sin(5 * y), x)
 
     x = thaw(actx, connections[0].from_discr.nodes())
diff --git a/test/test_firedrake_interop.py b/test/test_firedrake_interop.py
index 2c7ecf000212a64368a3dd6e341fb7e25ba2be7e..f8189f526621a48b1337ccc2edfc2e13a17a80e4 100644
--- a/test/test_firedrake_interop.py
+++ b/test/test_firedrake_interop.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 
 import numpy as np
 import pyopencl as cl
-import six
 
 from pyopencl.tools import (  # noqa
         pytest_generate_tests_for_pyopencl
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ def check_consistency(fdrake_fspace, discr, group_nr=0):
     cfspace = fdrake_mesh.coordinates.function_space()
     entity_dofs = cfspace.finat_element.entity_dofs()[0]
     fdrake_unit_vert_indices = []
-    for _, local_node_nrs in sorted(six.iteritems(entity_dofs)):
+    for _, local_node_nrs in sorted(entity_dofs.items()):
         assert len(local_node_nrs) == 1
         fdrake_unit_vert_indices.append(local_node_nrs[0])
 
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ def test_from_boundary_consistency(ctx_factory,
     cfspace = fdrake_mesh.coordinates.function_space()
     entity_dofs = cfspace.finat_element.entity_dofs()[0]
     fdrake_unit_vert_indices = []
-    for _, local_node_nrs in sorted(six.iteritems(entity_dofs)):
+    for _, local_node_nrs in sorted(entity_dofs.items()):
         assert len(local_node_nrs) == 1
         fdrake_unit_vert_indices.append(local_node_nrs[0])
     fdrake_unit_vert_indices = np.array(fdrake_unit_vert_indices)
@@ -314,7 +313,7 @@ def test_bdy_tags(square_or_cube_mesh, bdy_ids, coord_indices, coord_values,
     mm_mesh, orient = import_firedrake_mesh(square_or_cube_mesh,
                                             cells_to_use=cells_to_use)
     # Ensure meshmode required boundary tags are there
-    assert set([BTAG_ALL, BTAG_REALLY_ALL]) <= set(mm_mesh.boundary_tags)
+    assert {BTAG_ALL, BTAG_REALLY_ALL} <= set(mm_mesh.boundary_tags)
     # Check disjoint coverage of bdy ids and BTAG_ALL
     check_bc_coverage(mm_mesh, [BTAG_ALL])
     check_bc_coverage(mm_mesh, bdy_ids)
@@ -424,12 +423,12 @@ def test_from_fd_transfer(ctx_factory, fspace_degree,
             assert dim == 2
             if fdrake_mesh_name == "blob2d-order1":
                 from firedrake import Mesh
-                fdrake_mesh = Mesh("%s-h%s.msh" % (fdrake_mesh_name, mesh_par),
+                fdrake_mesh = Mesh(f"{fdrake_mesh_name}-h{mesh_par}.msh",
                                    dim=dim)
             else:
                 from meshmode.mesh.io import read_gmsh
                 from meshmode.interop.firedrake import export_mesh_to_firedrake
-                mm_mesh = read_gmsh("%s-h%s.msh" % (fdrake_mesh_name, mesh_par),
+                mm_mesh = read_gmsh(f"{fdrake_mesh_name}-h{mesh_par}.msh",
                                     force_ambient_dim=dim)
                 fdrake_mesh, _, _ = export_mesh_to_firedrake(mm_mesh)
             h = float(mesh_par)
@@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ def test_from_fd_transfer(ctx_factory, fspace_degree,
                 eoc_recorders[(False, d)].add_data_point(h, err)
 
     # assert that order is correct or error is "low enough"
-    for ((fd2mm, d), eoc_rec) in six.iteritems(eoc_recorders):
+    for ((fd2mm, d), eoc_rec) in eoc_recorders.items():
         print("\nfiredrake -> meshmode: %s\nvector *x* -> *sin(x[%s])*\n"
               % (fd2mm, d), eoc_rec)
         assert (
@@ -527,7 +526,7 @@ def test_to_fd_transfer(ctx_factory, fspace_degree, mesh_name, mesh_pars, dim):
         if mesh_name in ("blob2d-order1", "blob2d-order4"):
             assert dim == 2
             from meshmode.mesh.io import read_gmsh
-            mm_mesh = read_gmsh("%s-h%s.msh" % (mesh_name, mesh_par),
+            mm_mesh = read_gmsh(f"{mesh_name}-h{mesh_par}.msh",
                                 force_ambient_dim=dim)
             h = float(mesh_par)
         elif mesh_name == "warp":
@@ -563,7 +562,7 @@ def test_to_fd_transfer(ctx_factory, fspace_degree, mesh_name, mesh_pars, dim):
             eoc_recorders[d].add_data_point(h, err)
 
     # assert that order is correct or error is "low enough"
-    for d, eoc_rec in six.iteritems(eoc_recorders):
+    for d, eoc_rec in eoc_recorders.items():
         print("\nvector *x* -> *x[%s]*\n" % d, eoc_rec)
         assert (
             eoc_rec.order_estimate() >= fspace_degree
diff --git a/test/test_meshmode.py b/test/test_meshmode.py
index 258741a60a21dea5c7247a5baceec59f556f6a46..ce754b3970501ec9edfc98d058f4bf5c485070c3 100644
--- a/test/test_meshmode.py
+++ b/test/test_meshmode.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014 Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """
@@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
 from functools import partial
-from six.moves import range
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.linalg as la
 
@@ -991,7 +988,7 @@ def test_sanity_balls(actx_factory, src_file, dim, mesh_order, visualize=False):
             bdry_vis = make_visualizer(actx, bdry_discr, 7)
 
             name = src_file.split("-")[0]
-            vol_vis.write_vtk_file("sanity_balls_volume_%s_%g.vtu" % (name, h), [
+            vol_vis.write_vtk_file(f"sanity_balls_volume_{name}_{h:g}.vtu", [
                 ("f", vol_one),
                 ("area_el", bind(
                     vol_discr,
@@ -999,7 +996,7 @@ def test_sanity_balls(actx_factory, src_file, dim, mesh_order, visualize=False):
                     (actx)),
                 ])
 
-            bdry_vis.write_vtk_file("sanity_balls_boundary_%s_%g.vtu" % (name, h), [
+            bdry_vis.write_vtk_file(f"sanity_balls_boundary_{name}_{h:g}.vtu", [
                 ("f", bdry_one)
                 ])
 
@@ -1457,7 +1454,7 @@ def test_is_affine_group_check(mesh_name):
         is_affine = False
         mesh = generate_torus(10.0, 2.0, order=order)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown mesh name: {}".format(mesh_name))
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown mesh name: {mesh_name}")
 
     assert all(grp.is_affine for grp in mesh.groups) == is_affine
 
diff --git a/test/test_partition.py b/test/test_partition.py
index 5d1c57785325987a091fdc012c3f47685cd2ff07..93bb82239bb0d4381293701402591db51190ee43 100644
--- a/test/test_partition.py
+++ b/test/test_partition.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = """
 Copyright (C) 2017 Ellis Hoag
 Copyright (C) 2017 Andreas Kloeckner
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 """
 
-from six.moves import range
 import numpy as np
 import pyopencl as cl
 
diff --git a/test/test_refinement.py b/test/test_refinement.py
index 0cb7b173969a9432416c8ef60e83d592a87d31df..e3362b135a16708e79ee08c08c76470ffb2491c2 100644
--- a/test/test_refinement.py
+++ b/test/test_refinement.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
 __copyright__ = "Copyright (C) 2014-6 Shivam Gupta, Andreas Kloeckner"
 
 __license__ = """